Ukuqonda ukuthi izilwane zifunda kanjani ukhiye wokuthonya nokuhumusha ukuziphatha kwabo. Sivame ukucabanga ngokufunda njengento eyenzekayo lapho siqeqesha izilwane ngamabomu (isib. Ekufundiseni izinja ukuhlala noma ukuza). Kodwa empeleni, ukufunda kwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi - konke lokho inja noma ikati okuhlangenwe nakho kuyo yonke impilo yayo kuyoba nomthelela ngezinga elithile ngokuziphatha okulandelayo.
Ukufunda Okuhlangene
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokufunda okuhlanganisayo: isimo se-classical nesimo sokusebenza.
Kutholakale umklomelo wezobuchwepheshe waseRussia u-Ivan Pavlov, owathola umklomelo weNobel, inqubo yokufunda eyinkimbinkimbi eyenzeka ngokubambisana phakathi kokugqugquzelwa kwemvelo nokuvuselela okwenzeka ngokwemvelo. Eyaziwa nangokuthi isimo se-Pavlovian noma esiphenduliwe, inqubo yokufunda ihlangene nokuvuselela okunamandla (isib. Ukudla) ngesisusa sokungathathi hlangothi ngaphambilini (isib. Insimbi).
UBrrhus Frederic (BF) Skinner uthathwa njengobaba wesimo sokusebenza. Umsebenzi wakhe wawugxilwe ngombono wokuthi isimo se-classic sasiyinto elula kakhulu ukuba incazelo ephelele yokuziphatha okunzima. Ukholelwa ukuthi indlela engcono kakhulu yokuqonda ukuziphatha ukubuka izimbangela zesenzo nemiphumela yaso.
Ukuziphatha okusebenzayo yilokho okushiwo ukuthi kuhlangabezana nezimo ezimbili: (1) Kukhululeka ukukhishwa yisilwane, ngomqondo wokuthi akukho ukukhushulwa okusobala, futhi (2) Kungaba nokuqiniswa nokujeziswa ngemiphumela yayo, ukuthi kungabangelwa ukukhuphuka noma kwehla ngokuvama, ngokulandelana.
Indlela Isimo Esiyingqayizivele Sisebenza ngayo
Isimo se-classic sihilela ukubeka isignali engathathi hlangothi ngaphambi kwe-reflex engokwemvelo. Esikhathini sokuhlolwa kwezinja zikaPavlov nezinja, isignali engathathi hlangothi kwakuzwakala ithoni futhi ukucabanga okungokwemvelo okwenziwe ngokwemvelo kwakuxoshwa ekuphenduleni ukudla. Ngokuzibandakanya ukugqugquzela ukungathathi hlangothi nge-stimulus yemvelo (isethulo sokudla), umsindo wezwi kuphela ungayenza impendulo ye-salivation.
Ngokusobala, izinja ngokuvamile azihambi lapho zizwa izinsimbi - impendulo iholele ngoba izinja zafunda ukuthi insimbi yayiyisibonakaliso esinokwethenjelwa sokufika okuseduze kokudla. Lolu hlobo lokufunda ngokusobala luyinzuzo enkulu yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - izenzakalo ezikhomba ukuthi indlela yesidlwane isinika isikhathi sokudla. Ngokulinganayo, ukusabela ezinkomba zokuqala zokudla kusho ukufika kuqala kwimithombo.
Esinye isibonelo esidumile sesimo sengqondo sokuqala yisenzo sikaJohn B. Watson lapho impendulo yokwesaba ifakwe kumfana owaziwa ngokuthi u-Little Albert. Umntwana ekuqaleni wayengabonisi ukwesaba umhlophe omhlophe, kodwa ngemuva kokuba umlenze uhlanganiswe ngokuphindaphindiwe ngezwi elikhulu, okwesabekayo, ingane ingakhala lapho isilunga sisekhona. Ukwesaba kwengane nakho kwenzelwe ezinye izinto ezimhlophe ezimhlophe.
Isimo sengqondo sasendulo sasinethonya elikhulu esikoleni sokucatshangelwa kwengqondo eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuziphatha. Ukuziphatha kusekelwe ekucabangeni ukuthi:
- Konke ukufunda kwenzeka ngokusebenzisana nemvelo.
- Imvelo ibumba ukuziphatha.
- Ukuthatha izinto ezingqondweni zangaphakathi ezifana nemicabango, imizwa, nemizwelo ekucatshangweni akusizi ngalutho ekuchazeni ukuziphatha.
Amakati kanye nesimo se-Classical
Amakati afunda ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene nokuqeqesha ikati kunesisekelo samasu amaningana.
Isimo se-classic yisindlela esetshenziswa ukufundisa amakati ukuze afunde noma afakwe esimweni somsindo othile, iphunga noma ukuziphatha okuhambisana nomphendvulo oyifunayo. Isibonelo, i-whir ye-can opener (ehlotshaniswa nokudla) ibangela ikati ukuthi lize ligijime esitsha sokudla. Noma umsindo we-clicker ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa kwe-clicker kuhlotshaniswa nomvuzo wokudla futhi ungasetshenziselwa ukuxhumana lokho (CLICK!) Yilokho ofuna ukuthi ikati lenze.