Uma Ulwazi oluncane lungaba yingozi
Kukhona umkhuba okhulayo wezokwelapha namuhla njengoba abanikazi bezilwane bebuza isidingo semigomo yonyaka . Kuyinto yokuthambekela ukuhlola isihloko sezilwane emthonjeni njalo ngonyaka. I-titer yisifo sokuhlola igazi esilinganisa inani le-antibody egazini elibhekene ne-agent agent yesifo. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, i-parvo titer izobonisa inani le-antibody ngokumelene ne- parvovirus inja egazini layo. Ezinye izifo ziye zafundiswa ngokwanele ukuthi ososayensi bayazi ukuthi iyiphi i-antibody evikelayo ngaleyo sifo, ngakho leveli ibizwa ngokuthi "i-titer protective." Inkinga ngale ndlela iwukuthi iziqu eziphansi azilingani nokuntuleka kokuvikelwa, ikakhulukazi ekupheleni kwesikhathi lapho i-titer ilinganiswa nokugoma kwangempela.
Umkhuba wokugoma isilwane ngokuphindaphindiwe akuyona isidingo noma unempilo. Ubufakazi buqinile ukuthi ukuzivikela komzimba kuqhubeka iminyaka eminingi noma ngokuphila okuvela emitholampilo ekuqaleni kokuphila, futhi ingozi yokugula okungapheli yanda ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokugoma. Ngakho-ke, uma othile eqhuba ukuhlolwa kwe-titer endaweni yokugoma i-Spot, futhi isihloko se-Spot siphansi, mhlawumbe eminyakeni engu-6-8 ngemva kokugoma kwakhe kokugcina, kungenzeka ukuthi isincomo sibe "i-Spot idinga enye imijikelezo yemigomo ukuze ihlale iphephile." Ngingathanda ukukhombisa ukuthi lokhu kuyindlela engafanele yokucabanga ukuthi izothola izilwane eziningi ngokungenasidingo, ngakho-ke, engozini enkulu yokuthuthukisa isifo esingapheli.
Ukungakhulelwa komzimba 101
Isivikelo somzimba sokuzivikela sisakhiwo esimangalisayo futhi esiyinkimbinkimbi, esenziwe ezinxenyeni eziningi ezihlukahlukene, okusebenza kwayo ukuchaza ukuthi "yikuphi" nokuthi yini engaphandle. Kuhilela izinombolo eziningana, phakathi kwazo i-spleen, i-lymph nodes, i-tonsils, isibindi, i-thymus kanye nomnkantsha wamathambo; kanye nawo wonke amaseli amhlophe wegazi anegama elingavamile njengama "cell cell killer," amaseli we-T-Helper, nama-macrophage enza izinto ezimangalisayo ukuze asivikele (kanye nezilwane zethu) ngokumelene nabahlaseli.
Amaningi alawa maseli ahlaziya amakhemikhali anobuthi abulala abahlaseli nge-oxidation, noma ahlasele izimbobo ezinhlokweni zawo; amanye amakhemikhali abizwa ngamaseli e-immune ahlukene futhi asetha impendulo ebaluleke kakhulu yokuvuvukala esiza ukulwa nomhlaseli ngezindlela ezijwayelekile, njengokukhuphula umkhuhlane.
Ukuhlukana okunye okusebenzayo kwenziwa ngabazivikeli be-immunologists, lapho ukuzivikela kuhlukaniswe khona izingxenye ezimbili ezihlukene, okuthiwa:
- Ukuzivikela komzimba
- Ukuzivikela komzimba
Igciwane lesandulela ngculazi yilokho okuthinteka kakhulu ngamagciwane, ama-molecule amakhulu amaprotheni angenza izidalwa zenzeke noma zingasebenzi kalula noma zikwazi ukuhlasela kakhulu amasosha omzimba. Lezi zinselo zomzimba zitholakala kumaseli abizwa ngokuthi i-B-lymphocytes futhi zithathwa ngegazi ngaphezulu kwamangqamuzana afanayo. Uma ukuhlolwa kwe-titer kuqediwe, lezi zinqamuzana ze-antibodies zilinganiswa.
Izimpendulo zamasosha omzimba zixhomeke ezinhlobonhlobo zamangqamuzana okuthiwa i-T-lymphocyte, ama-macrophages, ama-NK cells, njll. Lokhu kubalulekile hhayi kuphela ekubulaweni kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza noma amangqamuzana aphethwe yi-virus kepha ekukhulumeni kwezinye izici zesistimu yomzimba. Le ngalo yesimiso sokuzivikela komzimba ingasetshenziswa, kodwa ngokuvamile izilinganiso zomsebenzi wayo ziyabiza futhi zixoshwa ukuze zicwaninge ngamakhambi. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziselwa kwamangqamuzana ebulalayo wemvelo kusukela ezingeni lokugcina lokuphumula kuyalinganisa. Lokhu akulona into abathengi abajwayelekile abangakwazi ukukwenza ngayo isilwane, noma kunjalo.
Isivikeli somzimba sokuvikela amasosha asikaze sisebenzise eyodwa kuphela yalezi zingxenye ukuphendula kummangaleli wangaphandle; kukhona impendulo ephelele, ngokubambisana nokuxhumana phakathi kwamaseli ahlukahlukene, ama-antibodies, namakhemikhali. Umphumela wekhonsathi enkulu, ehlelwe kahle yempendulo ye-immune engalingani kahle ukuthi isilwane sihlala siphilile, singenabo abahlaseli bangaphandle, amasosha omdlavuza, noma ukuhlasela.
Kumele ukhumbule lokhu ...
Amangqamuzana enkumbulo adingeka ukukhulunywa okukhethekile. Ukusuka ku-B-amangqamuzana, lawa maseli enkumbulo abamba inkumbulo yegciwane elibhekene nalo ngaphambili, njengesibonelo, njengokwedlulele. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahlangabezane nale gciwane ngokuchayeka kwemvelo noma ngokugoma , amangqamuzana enkumbulo ahlala isikhathi eside futhi anememori ethile mayelana nalabo bezinye izizwe abaye bahlangana nabo. Uma, eminyakeni emva kokuba isilwane sibhekane negciwane lesikhuhlane , kunenye ukuchayeka, lawa maseli ememori aphenduka ngokushesha amangqamuzana e-plasma futhi asebenze ngama-antibodies ngokumelene negciwane elibonwayo. Futhi lezi antibodies zilinganiswa njengendlela "titer ekhulayo." Eqinisweni, ukuxilongwa kwe-distemper kuvame ukuqinisekiswa yi-titer ephakama okungenani kane kusukela ekuqaleni kwenqubo yesifo kuya emasontweni ambalwa kamuva.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-titer kuyiphutha kanjani?
Iyingxenye eyodwa kuphela yempendulo ye-immune yonke, ama-antibodies akhiqizwa ngokuphathelene nomzimba othile.
Ngenkathi ukubonakala kwabo kubonisa ukuvikelwa, asikho isizathu sokuthi amasosha omzimba aqhubeke nokukhiqiza ama-antibodies ngokumelene nomhlaseli kuze kube phakade, ngakho-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, la mazinga e-antibody azophefumula. Ukulwa sekuphelile, akusekho umhlaseli obonisa phezulu, ngakho akudingeki ukuba ugcine isihloko esiphezulu. Okungalinganiswanga ukuhlolwa kwe-titer yinoma yikuphi ingxenye yesifo sokuvikela igciwane lesandulela ngculaza, ikakhulukazi amangqamuzana omemori. Ngakho-ke, ngenkathi amazinga e-antibody azoncibilika isikhathi, lezi zinkumbulo zememori ehlala isikhathi eside zihlala zithulile emasimini omzimba omzimba, zilindele izibonakaliso ezengeziwe ukuthi umbhuli uyabuya. Yilawa maseli aphethwe isikhathi sokuzivikela esingenakulinganiswa nokuhlolwa kwesiqu.
Ngakho-ke, uma ufuna ukukala izihloko, yenza kanjalo ngokuhlakanipha. Uma uye wagoma i-puppy okungenzeka ukuthi yayisemncane kakhulu ukuphendula emgodini, ukuhlolwa kwesiqu kungakutshela uma impendulo ikhona. Inja endala endala egonywe esineziqu ezihamba kancane kancane kule minyaka cishe isenomkhuhlane wamangqamuzana enkumbulo, ngakho ungakhohlwa ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwe-titer ngeke kubonise le mkhuhlane. Uma ulinganisa isihloko esincane kumuntu omdala ogonywe nge-immunity, ungenza iphutha elibi kakhulu ekunakekelweni kwezempilo kwezilwane ngokugoma futhi.